Cyclical and Structural Unemployment Management

Question: Examine about the Cyclical and Structural Unemployment Management. Answer: Presentation: In presentation, it very well may be said that, joblessness shows a countrys macroeconomic circumstance and solidness. Joblessness is considered as one of the major macroeconomic factors of an economy. it shows destitution and salary imbalance of an economy. Those individuals are considered as jobless who are searching for employments however are not consumed by the creation procedure of the economy. The regular proportion of estimating joblessness in a nation is the joblessness rate. It is a level of the proportion of jobless individuals of the nation and its all out working populace. During a downturn, an economy observes high pace of joblessness. The present monetary circumstance in Australia shows an alternate story of joblessness contrasted with its past records. The current joblessness fall in Australia is the impact of the mining blast in the nation. The mining blast is definitely not a sheltered choice for expanding work, as it isn't continuing. When the mining wells evaporat e, the blast will be gone leaving the economy in a stagnation or downturn. The motivation behind this exposition is to give a concise outline of the joblessness circumstance in the Australian economy in different states. The economy has indicated colossal changes in its creation procedure. The innovative changes in the countrys economy have prompted solid financial changes, which expanded the necessity of gifted work in the nation. It diminished the interest for incompetent work. In this way, work decrease at one front got to some degree repaid by the expanding work at another front. As per Hobson (2013), long haul joblessness causes financial questions in an economy. It along these lines requires the consideration of the countrys government and the specialists, which can assist the economy with avoiding this joblessness dangers. The exposition centers around how each conditions of Australia like WA, Tasmania, SA, Qld, and NSW takes diverse strategy measures to address the issues with respect to joblessness. As expressed by Nymoen and Sparrman (2015), an economy faces different sorts of joblessness among which, the recurrent joblessness is the most well-known. It relies completely upon business pattern of the economy. A nation confronting a time of blast will produce greater business openings and thus will show low joblessness rate. Then again, a countrys economy confronting downturn will make less openings for work, expanding the joblessness rate. During downturn, the interest for work gets lesser than the gracefully of the equivalent. Following the perspectives on Diamond (2013), the trace of repetitive joblessness can be assembled when the economy begins contracting. When the economy escapes the downturn and starts improving, the jobless individuals again gets consumed by the creation procedure. Another significant joblessness type is the basic joblessness. It happens when the range of abilities offered by the representatives doesn't coordinate with the range of abilities requested by the businesses. This kind of joblessness can be caused because of mechanical changes, globalization, and others. Because of globalization, the local and universal markets begin acting like one. The interest example of specific merchandise changes during globalization, which changes the work and their range of abilities prerequisites. It brings about basic joblessness. Once more, innovative changes can cause basic joblessness. As expressed by Harvey (2016), a troublesome innovation that stops the use of past innovation of creation will cause a gigantic interest for new aptitudes for creation. It requires some investment for the representatives to get familiar with the new innovation, in the event that they have time. Something else, this kind of joblessness can keep going for a significant stret ch. It requires government intercession to decrease auxiliary joblessness. In Australia, he coal excavators of South Wales got jobless in an enormous scope, which lead to local joblessness. Frictional joblessness is another kind of joblessness, which can happen in an economy. This sort of joblessness happens when the workers have left the past activity and is in look for another activity. As per Milner, Page and LaMontagne (2013), the term between the changes of the worker is considered an explanation of joblessness. Frictional joblessness is the least hurtful kind of joblessness and it gets over rapidly. People valuation of the occupations decides the frictional joblessness and its length. It likewise expresses that an economy will never observe full work, as there will consistently be a few people, who are in the strategy of evolving employments. An economy confronting request inadequacy will likewise observe joblessness and it will bring about loss of Gross Domestic Product and cost. The circumstance is appeared in the figure beneath: As appeared in the figure over, the absence of total interest moves the interest bend in reverse from AD to AD1. It brings about value decrease from P toP1. The fall sought after likewise diminishes the countrys Gross Domestic Product from Y to Y1. As indicated by Thirlwall (2015), the fall in yield level is trailed by an expansion in the joblessness rate. It has the capability of diminishing the business rate over the long haul. The long interruption from the work can make the representatives de-talented and de-inspired. It makes securing position later on troublesome. Consequently, any sort of joblessness remaining for an extensive stretch will bring about a reducing profitability. As expressed by Sharma, Oczkowski and Hicks (2016), joblessness can be partitioned into two classifications specifically intentional joblessness and automatic joblessness. On account of automatic joblessness, the creation procedure isn't engrossing individuals who need to work at the current compensation rate. The explanation for this circumstance is the absence of interest in the economy, which causes overabundance gracefully of work. On account of deliberate joblessness, individuals who can work decided not to at the compensation rate present in the economy. These individuals are consequently not considered in the work power of the economy. The meaning of joblessness that is followed in Australia is the standard gold meaning of joblessness. It expresses that if an individual in the nation doesn't labor for one hour of the week, the individual will be considered as jobless. As indicated by Kler, Leeves and Shankar (2015), the Australian economy comprises of more grounded work showcase situation, more fragile work advertise condition, and the perfect work advertise situation. Joblessness in Australia is for the most part brought about by more vulnerable work showcase situation. It happens when the family units flexibly more work than the work request in the current market. It is portrayed by significant level of joblessness rate, lessening work development, decrease in opening of employments, and expanding joblessness span. The basic joblessness type winning in the Australian economy is the repetitive joblessness. As the figure above shows, the joblessness rate was high during the mid 1990s. It prompted downturn in the nation. As indicated by Gregory and Smith (2016), the joblessness rate at that point fell slowly before the Global Financial Crisis hit the world economy. As the eventual outcome of the Global Financial Crisis, the joblessness rate quit moving downwards and began going upwards from that point forward. The joblessness pace of the nation is associated with its present and future loan costs and monetary development. As per Lloyd and Ramsay (2015), long haul joblessness has made a few monetary just as social issues in the nation. Expanding pace of joblessness diminishes the social government assistance the nation. The expense created by the jobless individuals is considered as the dead weight reduction of the general public. The joblessness benefits given by the Australian government yields no addition for the economy. The regular impact of long haul joblessness saw by the Australia n economy is the weakening of abilities. In addition, joblessness in the nation isn't consistently disseminated over the workforce. The Australian business situation changed since the mining blast looked by the nation. It infused interests in the creation procedure, which expanded the gracefully of merchandise and wares to the expanded interest. This expansion in flexibly was conceivable because of the increment in business pace of the nation. The creation procedure of the nation retained a gigantic segment of the jobless populace of the nation. This procedure has kept the expanding joblessness pace of Australia captured. Numerous business analysts have indicated their anxiety over the issue. As per them, the characteristic assets are scant in nature, and thus it will end sometime in the not so distant future. As expressed by Morris and Wilson (2014), after the blast becomes dim from the economy, those individuals who were consolidated in the work power and had work identified with the mining, will lose their positions and face basic joblessness from the outset. The makers won't require the range of abilities the laborers have. Be that as it may, these individuals will get time to engage in the creation procedure, up to that point they will be in a change period, which is the frictional joblessness. The mining blast evaporating ceaselessly from the Australian economy will make the economy shaky toward the start. This may bring about a downturn. As indicated by Mavromaras, Sloane and Wei (2015), the downturn will thus cause patterned joblessness. Government intercession is required here to prevent the economy from falling in a downturn. The legislature of Australia additionally has the assignment of controlling the economys joblessness rate. For this reason the administration can take a few measures. The administration can build the government consumption by taking a financial or a monetary strategy measure. It will enable the creation to process keeping a stea dy result. It will keep the business rate steady thus. As per Carraro and Siniscalco (2013), the legislature can likewise control the pay rate in the economy. The mining blast in the nation had expanded the pay rate. The high compensation rate is moreover

Weed Need To Save Lives Professor Ramos Blog

Weed Need To Save Lives Leeana Demchesen English 010 7 November 2018  Weed Need To Save Lives Experiencing childhood in my family unit, any utilization of weed was looked downward on, and for a long time, I had clutched this conviction. I accepted that it had no medical advantages and was utilized carefully as a medication at parties or to wander away from an away from of brain. Presently, I do accept that this medication can be utilized for an inappropriate reasons.  However, over the previous year, I have started to build up my own contemplations on maryjane. Cannabis ought to be taken off Schedule 1, and it ought to supplant different hazardous medications utilized in clinics. The primary article I read was composed by Dr. Sanjay Gupta, a neurosurgeon, and various Emmy grant winning character. Gupta is additionally CNN’s Chief Medical Correspondent. The article was distributed on CNN’s site during the time of 2011. The article title is â€Å"Why I Changed My Mind On Weed.† The article spoke to a move in approach by a main specialist, Dr. Gupta, on Marijuana. In 2009, he had composed an article titled, â€Å"Why I Would Vote No On Pot.† However, in this flow article â€Å"Why I Changed My Mind On Weed,† Gupta proceeds to apologize for his absence of research. The Drug Enforcement Agency recorded cannabis as a Schedule 1 substance. A calendar 1 substance is characterized as â€Å"substances, or synthetic compounds characterized as medications with no at present acknowledged clinical use and a high potential for abuse† (dea.gov). Nonetheless, Gupta says that they didn't have the science to help their case, and that we ed can be utilized for therapeutic purposes and isn't oppressive. He proceeds to clarify how maryjane can be the main arrangement now and again. â€Å"Take the instance of Charlotte Figi, who I met in Colorado. She began having seizures not long after birth. By age 3, she was having 300 every week, notwithstanding being on seven unique drugs. Clinical weed has quieted her cerebrum, restricting her seizures to 2 or 3 for every month† (Gupta). Gupta has seen numerous clinical circumstances like Charlotte’s and depicts it as being â€Å"irresponsible† not to give the most ideal clinical consideration, care that may incorporate maryjane. He proceeds to state how we have been deluded by the United States for  70 years and apologizes for his job in that. In 1970, the Assistant Secretary of Health, Dr. Roger O. Egeberg suggested that maryjane be named a Schedule 1 substance. Right up 'til today, pot is as yet a Schedule 1 medication.  In continuation of Dr. Gupta’s article, The New York Academy of Science inquired about maryjane and acquired the accompanying outcomes. They found that maryjane didn't prompt critical dependence. Additionally, they didn't discover any proof of weed prompting some other addictions, for example, cocaine, heroin, or morphine. Dr. Gupta proceeds to show a few insights of the reliance of medications. He expressed that reliance among grown-ups ranges from 9 to 10%. Cocaine, a timetable 2 substance, which means it has less maltreatment potential has a rate expressing that 25% of clients become dependent. He proceeds to make reference to how nicotine is addictive just as the withdrawal side effects of liquor. Despite the fact that Gupta is in support of the utilization of clinical weed, he makes reference to his anxiety about small children smoking. He expresses that youthful creating cerebrums are more effortlessly hurt than created grown-up minds. Ongoing examinations proposed t hat standard utilization of cannabis can cause a perpetual reduction in IQ in adolescent years. Gupta proceeded to compute the U.S. maryjane contemplates. His outcomes inferred that 6% of examinations done are to explore the advantages of cannabis, while the rest researches the potential mischief.  â The second article I read was composed by Isabelle Z. what's more, distributed on Natural News’ site in the year 2016. The article title is â€Å"Study Proves Medical Marijuana Can Replace Dangerous Pharmaceuticals.† Isabelle begins by saying that individuals against clinical cannabis guarantee that if weed is sanctioned, it would prompt medication mishandle and negatively affect society. Notwithstanding, clinical maryjane has been so powerful in the clinical field, that it’s keeping its patients off of increasingly destructive and addictive painkillers. 2013 was the year that 17 states set up clinical pot laws, which was additionally the year that Medicare revealed reserve funds of 165.2 million on meds utilized for conditions that can be treated by pot. Isabella expressed that in states with legitimate clinical pot, solutions were brought down for painkillers by 1,826 less every day dosages contrasted with the states without any laws set up. These outcom es show that individuals are utilizing weed for restorative purposes, not only for recreational purposes. Narcotics incorporate risky sorts of painkillers, and maryjane is ending up being a more secure other option. In Isabelles article, she referenced an investigation where patients with interminable agony utilizing clinical cannabis for treatment revealed a drop in their utilization of narcotics of 64%. Forty individuals kick the bucket every day by overdose on these kinds of medications. Anything that steers individuals from perilous drugs and painkillers is a decent advance, regardless of one’s sentiments towards cannabis.  â In the current year of 2018, maryjane authorization has become increasingly normal. Recreational cannabis is legitimate in 9 states, and clinical weed is lawful in 30 states. Nonetheless, Marijuana is as yet recorded as a Schedule 1 Substance. Gupta can't help contradicting this grouping, thus do I. I accept that it ought to be removed from Schedule 1. There has been a lot of valid research done here and abroad. Any place it has been authorized has delivered definitely more positive outcomes than negative outcomes. In particular, it has diminished the requirement for hurtful, addictive, and hazardous painkillers. Narcotics are a class of medications that contain the accompanying: heroin, fentanyl, oxycodone, hydrocodone, codeine, morphine, and numerous others. These medications can be incredibly addictive, and many overdoses occur. Narcotics are intended to control the agony and cause you to feel languid with little portions. Be that as it may, higher portions will slow breath ing and pulse, causing potential passing. The sentiment of narcotics may make delight a few, which all things considered prompts enslavement. Pot can possibly supplant these unsafe medications utilized in the clinic.  To summarize it, I accept that the United States is going the correct way with its decisions to authorize pot. To what extent will it take the rest of the states to understand the advantages of weed and all the hazardous narcotics it can supplant? What more proof and research do they need? We have to make a move and spare perilous addictions, and all the more critically, people groups lives. Medication Scheduling. Dea.Gov, 2018, https://www.dea.gov/medicate planning. Gupta, Sanjay. Dr. Sanjay Gupta: Why I Changed My Mind On Weed CNN. CNN, 2013. Ogborne, Alan et al. Self-Reported Medical Use Of Marijuana: A Survey Of The General Population. CMAJ, 2000. Gotten to 7 Nov 2018. Z, Isabelle. Study Proves Medical Marijuana Can Replace Dangerous Pharmaceuticals. Naturalnews, 2016,

Google Search Engine Special Operators

Google Search Engine Special Operators Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Google Search Engine Special OperatorsUpdated On 23/04/2017Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : GoogleShort URL : http://hbb.me/2ozeA6k CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogWe can get almost anything if we use Google correctly and in this article, I explained how to do it with Google Search Engine Special Operators.MOST RELATED: Use Google Smartly For Better Search ResultsGoogle Search Special Operators1. Link : Webpages that can act as link in websites or webpages.link: www.hellboundbloggers.com2. Cache :To know which part (version) in webpages stored in Google cache.cache: www.hellboundbloggers.com3. Info : To know more information about the site.info: www.hellboundbloggers.com4. Define : To know the meaning of the word.define: internet5. Intext : To find the text present inside the webpages.6. Inanchor : To find the words present in the links in the webpages.inanchor: winzip7. Movie : To find the movies.movie: Terminator8. File Type : To file documents with required extensions.filetype: pdfanimation filetype: ppt9. Calculator : You can do calculations in Google too.4^7, 2*6, sqrt(100)10. Date Range : Webpages that are intext between two periods .We should use Julian value for the time (date) periods.Format :-word daterange: Julian Date start value End valueFor eg,To search the word Microsoft between the dates 06.05.2006 to 06.05.2008.To find Julian value to Date and vice versa visit the siteREAD5 Best Alternatives For Google Mapsonlineconversion.com/Juliandate.htm

George Hobbes And Locke s Theories On Government, Human...

It is easy to compare certain things because of their proximity to one another and because of their similar nature. For instance, I wrote about Basque and Catalonian independence in Spain. While it may be apt to say that they are the same for a number of reasons. They were inherently different because of the small details that change their trajectory to land close to each other but not in the same place. Much is the same when comparing Hobbes’ and Locke’s theories on government, human nature, and natural law. Both may come to the same conclusion about the existence of natural laws and how that shapes human nature. However, they disagree on what the natural law would be comprised of. The same can be said for how differently they view the origins and role of governments. Hobbes would argue that governments are made from power and fear, and serve the purpose of keeping the covenant by protecting the inhabitants. Locke, on the other hand would argue that the basis of govern ments is law, and that the purpose of governments is to protect property rights. These and other factors will be examined to make a comparison and contrast of the two philosophers to determine if it is apt to say their theories are identical. One of the main points of contention between these two philosophers is whether the population has the right to revolt against its government. Locke would argue that the people would have a right to revolt against their government. Hobbes would argue that it is injustShow MoreRelatedJohn Locke s The Second Treatise Of Civil Government977 Words   |  4 Pagesof Civil Government In John Locke’s The Second Treatise of Civil Government, Locke discusses what the moral state of nature is and rejects the idea of a â€Å"divine right of kings.† John Locke was a product of the best schools in England and had a heavy impact on Western thought through his writings. As a Christ Church graduate, Locke largely discusses in his writings the state of nature, the concept of natural property and retributive punishment when these laws are violated. John Locke was bornRead MoreThomas Hobbes And The Social Contract Theory1088 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States Constitution established America s national government and fundamental laws and guaranteed certain basic rights for its citizens it was signed on September 17th 1787 by delegates to the Constitution convention in Philadelphia presided over by George Washington. Although other countries have changed their Constitution over years the United States Constitution has been kept the same. The Leviathan, Two Treatises, and the Declaration of Independence serve as underpinnings of the Read MoreThe Good Ghanaian Society 1068 Words   |  5 PagesDespite this kaleidoscope of opinions, fortunately there is a unifying point of agreement: ‘the task of every legitimate government is to secure a good society for its citizens.’ Nearly every political and economic philosopher from the time of Aristotle to Max Weber has agreed that the provision of a good society is the ult imate purpose of government. Once the role of government has been defined, it thus becomes imperative to further define how this good society would be established and it is at thisRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence By Thomas Jefferson1509 Words   |  7 Pagesconcepts which are common to Americans today such as, the right to sovereignty, universal truths, natural and social rights. The Declaration of Independence justifies how the purpose of government is to secure the people’s rights. Legitimately sovereign governments obtain their just powers from the consent of the governed. Therefore, American sovereignty is justified by the God-given right of self-government. During the American revolution the colonist demanded autonomy that excluded the British empireRead MoreBranches of Philosophy8343 Words   |  34 PagesBranches of philosophy The following branches are the main areas of study: †¢ Metaphysics investigates the nature of being and the world. Traditional branches are cosmology and ontology. †¢ Epistemology is concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge, and whether knowledge is possible. Among its central concerns has been the challenge posed by skepticism and the relationships between truth, belief, and justification. †¢ Ethics, or moral philosophy, is concerned with questions of howRead MoreThe Origin, Development and Significance of Human Rights10255 Words   |  42 PagesHUMAN RIGHTS INTRODUCTION Human Rights are rights that belong to an individual or group of individuals as a consequence of being human. They refer to a wide continuum of values or capabilities thought to enhance human agency and declared to be universal in character, in some sense equally claimed for all human beings. It is a common observation that human beings everywhere demand the realization of diverse values or capabilities to ensure their individual and collective well-being. It also isRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of workRead MoreOrganisational Behavioure23151 Words   |  93 Pagesand moods to OB issues. 3 4 Describe external constraints on emotions. LEARNING 258 OBJECTIVES ROBBMC08.QXD.0132431521 12/15/05 12:25 PM Page 259 CHAPTER 8 Emotions Can Be Powerful teve Wynn, the famous hotel S on the grounds of his flagship hotel and mogul, is an emotional person.1 casino, The Mirage. At the same time, He is known for his infectious while Wynn was in charge of the enthusiasm, as well as his temper. He once Mirage, it wasRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Social Media - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 935 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/04/10 Category Society Essay Level High school Topics: Social Media Essay Did you like this example? Social Media has become extremely popular in todays culture. Some people embrace this newfound idea of social media to communicate, others are highly protestant about it and do not associate themselves with it. It is important to see both sides opinions on why social media can hurt us just as easy as it can help us. Although there are many speculations and opinions about how social media is affecting us and if it is for better or worse, there are many pros and cons to social media. There are many shapes and sizes of the social media available to everyone today. This essay will talk about the four main social media apps today. Some are centered around sharing what youre doing such as Facebook and Instagram. Others are used to send updates through pictures or words such as Snapchat and Twitter. These different aspects of each app are seen as communication tools for the people and for many businesses. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Advantages and Disadvantages of Social Media" essay for you Create order Snapchat is an infamous app that is targeted towards todays youth. There is much controversy about whether people should endorse this app or not. Snapchat is an app where two people send pictures as messages back and forth and place pictures on their stories for everyone to see. Many parents have a problem with this app because pictures are deleted once you open them and cannot be seen again. There is worry about the use of this app for sexting, or sending pictures of oneself to another for pleasure. Snapchat is also used to help connect distant family. This photo message idea allows grandparents to see their grandkids, and cousins see their aunts and uncles. Facebook is an app meant to connect people through messaging and posting pictures of their daily life. Facebook is generally used by an older audience and is used for life updates, messaging, and buying and selling items. This app is widely used for networking, dating, business, and the news. Facebook is also at a disadvantage with for the privacy conditions, and the millions of fake profiles of impersonators. (rahul964. Advantages and Disadvantages of Facebook.) Twitter is an app that sends out messages that consist of single words or a paragraph to your followers. These so-called tweets are usually just updates on how people are doing or what they are thinking. Twitter accounts only see tweets from the accounts they follow, so there is not much spam on this app. Some find the tweets annoying, as some people update frequently, while others on the occasion. Twitter is a widely accessible app, which is what helps to make it so popular. Instagram is a widely used app, especially by todays youth. It allows you to post pictures while checking up on others accounts. It has a new feature that models Snapchat and allows users to send photos back and forth by means of chatting (Instagram Help Center. Privacy Policy | Instagram Help Center). Instagram is the second largest social media platform, just behind Snapchat. Disadvantages of social media platforms would include things like content shown, harmful comments, and the ability to see anything. Instagrams disadvantages would include the suggested content seen. Instagram also allows people that follow an account to also post comments on pictures that a user might post. Some of these comments are hateful and include discreet language. Twitters disadvantages would be lengthy tweets and annoying noises for every notification that is hard to turn off. Facebook has the same adult content discrepancy problem and users can also post comments on Facebook posts. Snapchat seems to have the slew of all the problems. Snapchat is widely hated for its picture deletion policy because this allows suggestive photographs to be sent and never seen again. Snapchat also has a new feature that allows a user to look at a map and see just where everyone they follow is. These are a few downsides to the popular social media platforms today (Hatcher, Jon Patrick. 20 Pros and Cons of Social Media Use.). While there are definitely cons to these platforms, there are also a lot of pros to these apps as well. Instagram is said to help connect people no matter where they are, which is a great tool in the busy world in which we live in. Instagram also has settings that allow a person to put restrictions on what they can see in their feed, and you can make an account private. This means that someone must request to follow you and you have to accept it before they can see anything that you have posted to your account. Twitter allows anyone to follow a user, yet that user can, in turn, remove the follower from seeing the tweets he/she sends out (Laverty, Shea. Advantages Disadvantages of Twitter.). Facebook allows public and private accounts and is said to be great for businesses to gain endorsers and customers. Snapchat allows friends and family to stay up to date with each other and the world around them. Snapchat displays several news articles and ads on the pages seen to keep their user s in the loop on what is happening. All in all, there are many different views on social media platforms. The overall opinion is divided between whether or not social media is a good thing or a bad thing. It is a highly debated topic and is presented with a plethora of pros and cons and whether or not it is good for the youth and businesses or not. Social media is growing each day, sometimes in a positive light, sometimes in a negative light. Everything depends on how one sees the world.

A Brief Note On Truth And Lie And American Anthropological...

Words are very deceptive and misleading. Often times, words originally have one central meaning, but in some cases, words may have deeper meanings. Many times, a words deeper meaning is invisible, and requires more thought and understanding to uncover. Friedrich Nietzsche’s claims are illustrated by the word â€Å"race†. The word â€Å"race† ties in with many questions and statements made by Nietzsche concerning truth. I believe that â€Å"race† is made too complex by humanity, and it needs to be simplified. It has many different meanings, therefore, it is a term that is constantly misunderstood. In the essays â€Å"On truth and lie† and â€Å"American Anthropological Association Statement on ‘race’†, there are various connections and illustrations made using truth, knowledge, concepts, and words. Words are given many different meanings. Throughout the course of time, the word â€Å"race† has had one meaning. â€Å"Raceâ €  initially meant a division of people, often with their own cultures and ideas, as well as different appearances. However, â€Å"race† has become a word that has been used to create separation between people. According to Nietzsche â€Å"every word immediately becomes a concept, inasmuch as it is not intended to serve as a reminder of the unique and wholly individualized original experience to which it owes its birth† (Nietzsche par.8). This quote acknowledges the fact that words are given different meanings. He simply says that words have one meaning, but it is changed overtime. To further explain,Show MoreRelatedPeculiarities of Euphemisms in English and Difficulties in Their Translation19488 Words   |  78 Pagesbe used by the respectable - except among intimates (Eco U.2007,p.192). Zegarac V. has a very important chapter on euphemism and its opposites, dysphemism. Euphemism he neatly defines as discretion in speech. He shrewdly notes that euphemism is employed, not to hide the truth - the fact - the thing (silence were best for that but merely to minimize the painful impression on the listener or the perhaps unpleasant results for the speaker; related to the latter purpose is the speakers desire to makeRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 PagesEdmondss Rastafari: From Outcasts to Culture Bearers is that it correctly traces the connection between the emergence of Rastafarianism and the history of resistance and black consciousness that has been part of the Jamaican experience for years. The truth is that there has always been a committed Jamaican counter- culture that celebrates and sees redemption in Africa and rejects the European values that have oppressed a society. But prior to the advent of popular culture and especially the music recordingRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 PagesThe University of Chicago Press Published by arrangement with Oxford University Press, Inc. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637  © 1974 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved. English translation. Originally published 1974 Note on Translation  © 1991 by the University of Chicago University of Chicago Press edition 1991 Printed in the United States of America 09 08 07 6 7 8 9 10 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Metz, Christian. [Essais sur la significationRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesor for customer service please, call 1-800-CALL WILEY (225-5945). DeCenzo, David A, Robbins, Stephen P. Fundamentals of Human Resource Management—10th ed. 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Chris graduated from Iowa State University with a major in mathematics and, while acquiring graduate degrees at the University of Iowa, concentrated on statisticsRead MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 Pages.......................................................................... 2 Editor’s Preface.................................................................................................................. ............................. 1 Editor’s note: The Echeruo (1997) and Igwe (1999) Igbo dictionaries ...................................................... 2 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................Read MoreMarketing Management 14th Edition Test Bank Kotler Test Bank173911 Words   |  696 PagesMarketing Management, 14e (Kotler/Keller) Chapter 1 Defining Marketing for the 21st Century 1) Which of the following statements about marketing is true? A) It is of little importance when products are standardized. B) It can help create jobs in the economy by increasing demand for goods and services. C) It helps to build a loyal customer base but has no impact on a firms intangible assets. D) It is more important for bigger organizations than smaller ones. E) It is seldom used by nonprofit

Expectation that Romeo and Juliets Love is Doomed Essay Example For Students

Expectation that Romeo and Juliets Love is Doomed Essay One reason why Shakespeares work is so successful, popular and very much around today is that it is written in such a way that makes it appealing to the audience. The plots are held up by a firm backbone of imagery and clever literary techniques. They are more than just a beginning middle and end, the whole plot is linked together with predictions and coincidences and it all unravels throughout like a ball of wool. One prime example of this is Romeo and Juliet. From the start of the play, in the prologue, Shakespeare uses language and imagery to build up the expectation that Romeo and Juliets love is doomed. Uncommonly, the play begins with telling us that the main characters are going to fall in love and kill themselves. We know this because it says, the fearful passage of their death markd love and a pair of star-crossd lovers take their life. This is an important image as people in the time of Shakespeare were superstitious and believed in astrology. And beginning with saying they were star-crossed meaning that their love was intertwined with their doom and it said so in the stars, is particularly poignant for those times. This is also a link to when Romeo finds out of Juliets supposed death and cries out then I defy you, stars! With this exclamation, Romeo is saying that he defies destiny. This image makes the play somewhat cyclic, with it beginning with saying that it is destined for them to die and ending with Romeo defying his destin y, to lose Juliet and at the same time by taking his own life fulfilling it. We will write a custom essay on Expectation that Romeo and Juliets Love is Doomed specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Shakespeare continues to use imagery implying that love and tragedy are closely linked. In Romeos speech about his grief over Rosaline, he says, love is a smoke made with a fume of sighs. This is a metaphor and could be saying that love, like smoke, is confusing, clouds your judgement, chokes you and could sometimes kill you and it is caused by the first sighs of falling in love. Although Romeo is referring to Rosaline this relates to the nature of his and Juliets love which, of course ultimately results in their death. In this same speech Romeo says that love is also a choking gall, and a preserving sweet. This is a paradox and he is saying that though love is healing and sweet it can also be a poison. As well as being a prediction of the fact that it is love that kills both him and Juliet in the end but also the point is taken further by the details that it is a mixture that Juliet uses to fake her death and a poison that Romeo uses to kill himself with in the tomb. When Romeo and Juliet meet for the first time Shakespeare cleverly uses imagery and the idea of new love ironically as the audience knows that they are both doomed to die for their love of one another. In the scene where they meet Shakespeare put a lot of religious imagery into use. Religion suggests church and holy ceremonies such as weddings and funerals. This is a tie in with the fact that Romeo and Juliet get married and that there are deaths in the play. Some examples of this are this holy shrine, gentle sin, for prayers sake. The religion of that time was Christian and Romeo and Juliet would have been Catholic. The idea of the Christian religion is that of love and how Jesus died for the love of his father and of his people. In doing this he brought people of different backgrounds and opinions together in one firm belief. In a way this is a subtle prediction of how Romeo and Juliet die in the name of love and reunite the long opposed houses of Montague and Capulet. Friar Lawrence is a holy man which is a link to the religious imagery, and he is also an expert in herbs and their uses in potions and mixtures. This is a link with how Juliet uses a potion to fake her death and it is this which causes Romeo, on seeing her dead, to kill himself, also with a poisonous mixture. In act two scene six, where Romeo and Juliet go to Friar Lawrence to be wed, William Shakespeare uses the character of the Friar as a tool to portray to the audience, through imagery, that their love will end in tragedy. He says these violent delights have violent ends. Here the word violent has two meanings, when used alongside delights it implies that the delight and love is fierce and strong, using its emotional meaning. Whereas when it is used with ends it gives the impressions of aggression, murder and death. This is a paradox and therefore a prediction that although Romeo and Juliets love is strong their death will be inevitable. Romeo also says but come what sorrow can me aning that he will marry Juliet and love her, whatever happens to them. To the audience this is dramatic irony as we know that great sorrow will befall them both and bring sorrow to both their houses. Another of example of imagery being used in Friar Lawrences speeches is just before this. He says that poison hath residence, and medicine power meaning that in one flower both healing powers and powers to kill lie side by side which links to a major theme in the play, that love and death walk hand in hand. Friar Lawrence says Now ere the sun advance his burning eye, the day to cheer, this could be a link to when Romeo says it is the east, and Juliet is the sun and by saying that the sun brightens up the day reflects how the love of Romeo for Juliet brightens up his life. This is ironic as Juliet is also the reason Romeo commits suicide. This imagery is also a continuation of the Astrological imagery that is so important for portraying a story based so firmly on fate and destiny. .uc3c36dbf85a235330dffc761c72b3043 , .uc3c36dbf85a235330dffc761c72b3043 .postImageUrl , .uc3c36dbf85a235330dffc761c72b3043 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc3c36dbf85a235330dffc761c72b3043 , .uc3c36dbf85a235330dffc761c72b3043:hover , .uc3c36dbf85a235330dffc761c72b3043:visited , .uc3c36dbf85a235330dffc761c72b3043:active { border:0!important; } .uc3c36dbf85a235330dffc761c72b3043 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc3c36dbf85a235330dffc761c72b3043 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc3c36dbf85a235330dffc761c72b3043:active , .uc3c36dbf85a235330dffc761c72b3043:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc3c36dbf85a235330dffc761c72b3043 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc3c36dbf85a235330dffc761c72b3043 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc3c36dbf85a235330dffc761c72b3043 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc3c36dbf85a235330dffc761c72b3043 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc3c36dbf85a235330dffc761c72b3043:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc3c36dbf85a235330dffc761c72b3043 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc3c36dbf85a235330dffc761c72b3043 .uc3c36dbf85a235330dffc761c72b3043-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc3c36dbf85a235330dffc761c72b3043:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Elizabeth's innocence EssayWhen Romeo is challenged by Tybalt to a duel and refuses to fight him as they are related because Romeo married Juliet. Mercutio, who is in disagreement of this, fights Tybalt and is slain. The dying Words of Mercutio, who is neither Montague nor Capulet, are A plague a both your houses this is a prediction that Romeo and Juliet are going to take their lives as Juliet is of the same house as Tybalt, Capulet and Romeo is a Montague. When Juliet finds out that Romeo is the one who killed Tybalt, she speaks of him using lots of oxymorons and paradoxes, to portray that though Romeo is good and she loves him, he has done something terrible. One parado x is, o serpent heart, hid with a flow ring face. Some examples of the oxymorons in the speech are Beautiful tyrant, fiend angelical, Dove-featherd raven, damned saint, honourable villain. All of these describe the way that Romeo is beautiful and good but at the same time he is evil as he is, after all, an enemy of her family. These images also reflect the nature of Romeo and Juliets love for one another. On one hand it is a good and beautiful thing, on the other it will ultimately lead them both to their untimely deaths. This is another example of Imagery being used to build up the expectation that Romeo and Juliet are doomed to die for love. Again the point is stressed that in their case, love and death walk hand in hand, inseparably. When Romeo and Juliet spend their first night together, they also spend their last. As Romeo is leaving and Juliet is trying to persuade him to stay, he says to her, expressing his happiness after spending the night with her, let me be put to death, I am content, so thou wilt have it so He is saying that now he has spent one night with her he doesnt care if he is caught and dies for Juliets sake, it is his love for her that makes him say this. In the same way he says, Come, death, and welcome! Juliet wills it so. Both of these are predictions that Romeo will indeed die for Juliet. Also when Juliet says window, let day in, and let life out this is also a prediction that though the day is dawning now when the day is over, so will be their lives. Also when she says be fickle, Fortune: For then I hope thou wilt not keep him long, but send him back. This is dramatic irony as the audience know from the prologue and the other predictions so far throughout the play, that Romeos fate is to di e, and Juliet will never see him again after this moment. There are more predictions and ironies in the speech by Juliet when she is taking the poison that will fake her own death. One irony is when she says how if, when I am laid into the tomb, I wake before the time when Romeo come to redeem me? This is ironic as she actually awakes from her death like sleep too late and Romeo has already come and killed himself as he thinks she is dead. Also she says dash out my desprate brains this is another dramatic irony and a prediction as she does in fact kill herself. The fact that she is taking a potion is in itself ironic as that is what Romeo uses to kill himself. This ties in with the imagery at the beginning, mentioned before. The fact that Juliets speech is full of negative imagery, for example: loathsome smells, all these hideous fears, pluck the mangld Tybalt from his shroud, the terror of the place, And shrieks like mandrakes torn out of the earth, All predict that the ending of the play is going to be also negative. When the news of Juliets apparent death reaches Romeo there is more imagery to predict his and his lovers doom. He says, referring to Juliet, For nothing can be ill if she is well this is ironic as she appears to be entirely the opposite of well, therefore Romeo is wrong. However she is well and Romeo just does not realise it and goes ahead and kills himself anyway. Another prediction is when Romeo says well, Juliet, I will lie with thee tonight. As on that night they will both indeed lie together, dead in the tomb. As Romeo is talking to Balthasar about leaving him alone after he enters the tomb he says I descend into this bed of death. In one respect this simply refers to the tomb being a place where dead bodies are laid. On the other hand it could mean that Romeo descends to his own death bed, this, therefore, is a prediction that Romeo is going to kill himself. As he enters the tomb, he expresses his hatred of it as it is the place where his lover lies, assumed dead. In a way he is also expressing his hatred of death. He says thou womb of death which is a paradox, as womb signifies a new life and when used with death, this could be a link to the fact that the birth of Romeo and Juliets love was the birth of their fate to die for love. .uc66340a1e295f279039173fc69b86542 , .uc66340a1e295f279039173fc69b86542 .postImageUrl , .uc66340a1e295f279039173fc69b86542 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc66340a1e295f279039173fc69b86542 , .uc66340a1e295f279039173fc69b86542:hover , .uc66340a1e295f279039173fc69b86542:visited , .uc66340a1e295f279039173fc69b86542:active { border:0!important; } .uc66340a1e295f279039173fc69b86542 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc66340a1e295f279039173fc69b86542 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc66340a1e295f279039173fc69b86542:active , .uc66340a1e295f279039173fc69b86542:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc66340a1e295f279039173fc69b86542 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc66340a1e295f279039173fc69b86542 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc66340a1e295f279039173fc69b86542 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc66340a1e295f279039173fc69b86542 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc66340a1e295f279039173fc69b86542:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc66340a1e295f279039173fc69b86542 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc66340a1e295f279039173fc69b86542 .uc66340a1e295f279039173fc69b86542-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc66340a1e295f279039173fc69b86542:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Baz Lurhman's modernization of Shakespeare's classic "Romeo and Juliet" EssayThe imagery used in the next part of this speech; Gorged with the dearest morsel of the earth. Thus I enforce thy rotten jaws to open. And, in despite, Ill cram thee with more food. tells the audience that Romeo intends to commit suicide in the name of love. When he says dearest morsel he is speaking of Juliet. He is saying effectively, that the jaws of death have swallowed Juliet, his love and the most important thing to him on the Earth, and now he intends to force it to take him as well. This is personification of death and makes it more menacing and real to an audience enforcing its important role in the play. Again this is an example of Shakespeare using imagery to predict the doom of the lovers and build up the expectation of their tragic destiny being fulfilled. When Paris challenges Romeo to a fight in the tomb he says for thou must die and Romeo answers I must indeed. This is not only how Paris and Romeo feel, but it is also what the audience know must happen according to the prologue. When Juliet is laying in the tomb and found by her love, Romeo says death that hath suckd the honey out of thy breath, hath no power yet upon thy beauty and and deaths pale flag is not yet advanced there he means that though he knows she is dead she does not look it. This is good use of dramatic irony as the audience know that Juliet is faking her death. So Romeo is correct Juliet does not look dead, because she isnt. Romeo has a speech before he dies which builds up to the fact that he is going to kill himself to further enforce the point to the audience. Some parts of this speech that do this are: will I set up my everlasting rest, meaning I will die; eyes look your last! meaning this is the last time he will look at the world and Juliet; Lips, o you The doors of breath, seal with a righteous kiss saying that he will kiss her one last time before he seals them forever and takes his final breath. This also links with when, just after this, his dying words are Thus with a kiss I die. This is extremely symbolic as a kiss symbolises love and it is, in effect, love which has killed Romeo. This again calls back to the fact that love and death are so closely linked in the plot. When Juliet wakes and finds Romeo dead she immediately want to die to be with him as Romeo did for her. She spots the poison and says and left no friendly drop to help me after? this is a paradox as poison is generally not regarded as a friendly thing as it induces death. Also she says I will kiss thy lips hoping that some poison remains on them to kill her too. This is ironic as Romeo says Thus with a kiss I die previously. She kills herself by stabbing herself with Romeos dagger. This in itself could be symbolic of Romeo being the cause of her death. As she would have stabbed herself in the heart it is a reference to how Romeos dagger, which would have been given to him by his family, killed Juliet through her love for him and it is because of that and the hatred between the two families that she is dead. At all these points throughout the play, the oxymorons, ironies, paradoxes and subtle predictive language, act as Shakespeare intended them. They work together with the way that the prologue introduces the play by outlining the story of Romeo and Juliets love and how it ends with their death. The plot of the play and how Romeo and Juliet take their own lives is in itself ironic. Romeo commits suicide to be with Juliet in death when she is in fact faking her own death to be together with Romeo in life. Unfortunately he does not know this and as it is written in a way that makes the audience feel for the characters, they would understand the desperation of Romeo and how he wants to die and be with her, but at the same time they would know that she is not dead and realise that if Romeo kills himself Juliet will awake and find him dead. She does so and takes her own life out of her love for him. Therefore from the start of the play Shakespeare puts all of these techniques together, to ba ck up his clever plot and builds up the audiences expectation that Romeo and Juliets love is doomed. One main theme that runs through the play is how love and death are inseparably linked. Many times throughout the play is this point reinforced through imagery and other literary techniques. The fact that it is love that causes Romeo and Juliets deaths is not just it, it runs deeper than that. Their families had been rivals and duelling amongst themselves for a long time before Romeo and Juliet. This just shows that even between two families who are opposed to each other love will conquer and bring them together, even though for this cause, the fate of the lovers is to die. Therefore, as this is laid down in the prologue, the audience are introduced to this idea and their expectations of the lovers deaths are high to start with and reinforced by plentiful imagery of love and death being linked.

Enthalpy changes on displacement and the reactivity series Essay Example

Enthalpy changes on displacement and the reactivity series Essay To find out what affect the position of a metal in the reactivity series has on its ability to be displaced.Background InformationThe reactivity of metals is shown in the reactivity series below.Potassium Most reactiveSodiumCalciumMagnesiumAluminiumZincIronLeadCopperSilverGoldPlatinum Least reactiveAs zinc is higher in the reactivity series than both lead and copper, it will be able to displace them from their compounds.HypothesisThe closer the metal is to zinc, the harder it will be for zinc to displace, eg, iron would be harder for it to displace than silver. This means that less energy will be produced. Therefore, I predict that lead will be harder to displace, and will therefore have the smaller enthalpy change value.Apparatus JustificationApparatusJustificationPolystyrene CupThis acted as the calorimeter, and this is an insulator to ensure that it is not effected by the heat changes in the experiment100 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ BeakerThis is what the calorimeter is placed in to ensure tha t it doesnt fall over25 cm à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ PipetteThis is used to ensure accuracy of measurementsPipette FillerThis is a safety measurement, to ensure none of the substances enter the mouth0 100à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½c thermometerThis measures the temperature changes throughout the experimentSmall containerThis is has the zinc powder measured into it accuratelyElectronic scalesThese are to accurately weigh out the zinc powderStopwatchThis is to accurately measure the time in secondsStirrerThis was used to stir the mixture, which encouraged the reactionPowdered ZnThis is added in excess as shown in the calculations. It is a reactant in both experiments0.2M CuSO4This is added in a suitable volume as a reactant in the first experiment0.2M Pb(NO3)4This is added in a suitable volume as a reactant in the second experimentSafety1. Copper sulphate is harmful if swallowed. It can also be an irritant to the eyes and the skin, so a lab coat and goggles should be used whilst handling. Care should be taken t o not inhale any fumes. If any is spilt in the laboratory, water and mineral absorbent should be added to the area.2. Lead Nitrate is toxic, and is harmful by digestion and inhalation of dusts. Care must be taken to ensure it does not get in the eys, so goggles should be worn at all times. It is an irritant so if spilt on labcoat or skin, the area should be washed immediately.DiagramMethod1. The calorimeter was set up as shown in the diagram above. This was done by placing a polystyrene cup inside a glass beaker. 25cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of 0.2 molar copper sulphate was measured into the calorimeter, using a 25cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ pipette.2. A thermometer was placed in the solution, and the solution was left for one minute to adjust to room temperature. This was timed by a stopwatch.3. During this time, one gram of zinc was measured out into a small container using electronic scales. After the one minute rest, this was added to the calorimeter and the temperature was taken immediately.4. The temp erature was then taken every 30 seconds, and the mixture was stirred occasionally. The results were recorded in the results table below.For the second experiment, the method was the same as in stages 2, 3 and 4. However, in stage one, 0.2 molar lead nitrate solution is used instead. Before being re used, all the equipment needs to be washed out with distilled water.Results TableTime (In seconds)Temperature change with Copper Sulphate (in à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½c)Temperature change withLead Nitrate ( in à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½c)022223022226028269034321203937150434118044422104644Calculations1. CuSO4 + Zn ( ZnSO4 + Cu0.2 Molar25cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½There are 0.2 moles in 1000 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of Copper SulphateThere are 0.2/1000 moles in 1cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of Copper SulphateThere are 25(0.2/1000) moles in 25cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of Copper SulphateThere are 0.005 moles in 25cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of Copper SulphateDue to 1:1 ratio, 0.005 moles of Zinc would be needed to react with it2. Pb(NO3)2 + Zn ( Zn(NO3)2 + Pb0.2 Molar25cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½There are 0.2 moles in 1000 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of Lead NitrateThere are 0.2/1000 moles in 1cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of Lead NitrateThere are 25(0.2/1000) moles in 25cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of Lead NitrateThere are 0.005 moles in 25cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of Lead NitrateDue to 1:1 ratio, 0.005 moles of Zinc would be needed to react with it0.005 x 65.4 = 3.20.327 grams are the minimal mass of zinc needed. As it was needed in excess, 1 gram of zinc was used.2. In order to find the enthalpy changes for the two displacement reactions, the following equation is needed:Q = MC?TIn this equation:Q = Enthalpy changeM = Mass (of solution)C = Specific heat capacity of the surroundings?T = Temperature changeReaction 125 x 4.2 x 24 = -2520 J2520/1000 = -2.52 kJReaction 225 x 4.2 x 22 = -2310 J2310/1000 = -2.31 KjThe values are negative because the reactions are exothermic.ConclusionThe results suggest that the further apart the results are in the reactivity series, the larger the enthalpy change will be. The results could be further improved in several ways:à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The heat loss could be minimalised by placing a plastic lid over the top of the calorimeterà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Using a higher grade of equipment. For example, the pipette was grade B, and more accurate results could be achieved by using a higher grade of equipment.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Repeating both experiments and then taking mean values. This would smooth out any anomalous results.It must be understood that the results are only accurate to a certain degree because of the equipment. The scales only weigh to 2 decimal places, and the automatically round up. This means the results could be up to 0.009 figures out.

How suspense is created and maintained in the opening scene of the matrix Essays

How suspense is created and maintained in the opening scene of the matrix Essays How suspense is created and maintained in the opening scene of the matrix Paper How suspense is created and maintained in the opening scene of the matrix Paper The Matrix that was created and produced by the wachowski brothers, was revolutionary at the time that it was created and is still being looked upon for being the pioneer of the camera shot bullet time. It was widely reviewed and was quoted the action film of the millennium by Total Film.One way that the directors create suspense is using visual effects. An example of this is bullet time, a revolutionary idea that involves over one hundred and fifty still cameras to create a slow motion picture that creates suspense and creates a certain aura of mystery when you first see it shown.Another way that the directors create suspense is to choose their locations very easily to try and emphasize the importance and aim of a particular scene. One scene that they achieved this was in the nightclub. The reason that they chose a nightclub was to create a sense of safety in numbers. The packed club is less likely to be attacked because of all the people and therefore is a safer place to talk and s hare information that is exactly what they did.The choice of character plays a big part in the creating of suspense. Two characters that achieve this very well are the Agents and Neo. The Agents appear to show no emotion. They wear very bland clothes and always appear very powerful. The first time that you see the Agents you do not know if they are good or bad and the directors turn tyhis confusion into suspense very well. Neo is also used to create suspense, as he is not the usual action hero. He is not incredibly muscular like other action heros such as Arnold Schwarzenegger. He is also a lot more intelligent than others using brain not brawn which separates The Matrix from other stereotypical action movies.Sound effects and music are used a lot throughout the movie. The use of sound effects can be very useful for setting the tone and scene and the directors of The Matrix have achieved this very well and appropriately. For example, when Trinity is running across the roof tops whil e being chased by the agents and the police. The music that is used in this scene follows the movement of Trinity. Therefore, when she slows down as does the music. In addition, when there is a tense moment the music slows down even further and a different style is music is shown as to make it seem out of the ordinary to what you have been watching. This trick creates more suspense than just the tension of the jump. Another time that they use sound effects is when the numbers came up on the screen. The numbers that appear on the screen are zoomed in and so does the music it makes the brain think that it is being pulled into the numbers. We are then shown a police officers torch. The way that this works is that the numbers are shown by zooming in. The audience focus in on the numbers and they realise the question why are the numbers significant?.A good example of editing is when the typing on the computer monitor wakes up Neo. The computer typing then tells him to follow the white ra bbit. When we are first shown this there is no real significance about a white rabbit, this leaves the audience wondering about how it will become significant. A few moments later, the information becomes noticeable as the director uses a point of view shot to create a sense of importance. At first, you are shown Neo catching his eye on something; you then see the rabbit on the shoulder through the point of view of Neo. Although the point of view shot, is what makes you see what he is seeing without the shot before when you see him notice it the point of view shot would not have had the same effect.Editing is also used after just before this when trinity leaves the matrix. The agents talk amongst themselves and they say the search has already begun the next thing that you see is the computer screen in front of Neo with the word search flashing on the screen to bring attention to it as it is being said as the two scenes mould together. This technique is very effective and the directo r has achieved this very well leaving the suspense building until later on in the story.Colour and lighting also plays a big part in the creating of suspense throughout the whole movie. Probably the best example of this is in the opening sequence. When the police officers run through into a dark room and their torches focus in on Trinity. This gives her the center of attention. The directors have deliberately set this scene in a dark room and by using the directed beam of the torches; they have been able to create a sense of importance around Trinity.Voice-overs are not the best way of creating suspense in my opinion but the directors do use it and they do achieve a certain element of suspense using it. One example of the directors using voice-overs is when Trinity jumps across the rooftops. She makes a giant leap and one of the chasing police officers proclaims thats impossible just those two words bring you closer to the screen in anticipation that she might not be able to make it .Setting and scenery plays a huge part in the creating of suspense and the directors accomplish this very well. A very good example of the use of settings and scenery is when we first see Trinity. This is in a hotel room; it is very and with no distinctive distractions other than Trinity a chair and a laptop. This focuses all attention on where trinity is sitting and on to what she is doing. It is also a very small space that comes into effect when they start fighting as the small space makes the action more intense with only a small space for them to fight in.Another piece of voice over happens right at the start of the film. A total blackout with just to people talking makes you concentrate more on what they are saying. A character that we dont know yet says Morphius believes that he is the one just this simple piece of dialogue insights us a range of different questions who is morphius?, Who is he?, what is the one? and who is it who is speaking?. Even from the start of the of th e movie we are being already in the thick of it trying to work out things that we do not even know about.I feel that the actual plot and dialogue creates the best suspense in the matrix, as without that the other pieces that are used would not make sense. The way that the directors have set out and structured this movie makes it truly brilliant. However, for me it is the plot and the dialogue that separates it from the rest.

MediSys_Case_Assignment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MediSys_Case_Assignment - Case Study Example Common resources include public resources required by IntensCare team, but are prone exhaustion. 3. The president of the company has the rights of accessing all the information regarding the product being developed. The president can withdraw resources and exclude parts of the product that they consider unsuitable. 6.a) All members of the organization have chances of contributing towards decision making. The president recognizes that all members of the organization have chances to contribute towards decision-making and parallel development environment (Donnellon and Margolis 3). iii) Art Beaumont-He is the president and adopts a bureaucratic leadership style evidenced by the way he functionally organized the company when he was hired. He said that the management style of the company had become more of a command and control and emphasize on technical excellence (Donnellon and Margolis 3) iv) Aaron Garson-He is teamwork oriented and democratic. When he had an idea about patient monitoring system, he invited his friend Peter Fisher in the sales department and the two invited another friend from the software design. v) Bret O’Brien-He is democratic. He emailed other team members when he sensed a problem with fitting data displays and battery units into the customer size specs marketing provided (Donnellon and Margolis

What makes a good and bad manager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

What makes a good and bad manager - Essay Example The document presents mainly three (3) types / categories of managers having different roles and responsibilities. And based on the roles, the document provides a criterion which decides a good or bad manager. Furthermore, keeping in view the criteria, the document provides guidelines for becoming a good manager. A manager is the one who manages, handles or controls diverse aspects include, but not limited to the resources (human as well as technical) and expenditure / cost of one or more activities to be performed for a business or enterprise. There are mainly three (3) types of manager include: the top level manager, middle level manager and low level manager. The designations of the top level managers include: the Chief Executive, Chairman, Executive Director, Managing Director, and general manager. Similarly, there are diverse designations of the middle level manager include: Production Manager, Sales Manager, and Finance Manager. The ‘low level manager’ is usually called a supervisor, shift manager, or shift in-charge. On the other hand, there are diverse areas of manager include, but not limited to the financial manager, marketing manager, project manager, general manager, operations manager and human resource manager. It is pertinent to mention here that as the roles and responsibilities of the manager are different considering the type and area, therefore, the criteria of judgment for identifying good / bad manager is also different. However, there are some common responsibilities of the manager despite of considering the type of manager. The document identifies the main responsibilities of the manager, the criteria to identify a good or bad manager and specifies the guidelines that make the manager good or bad. The following section of the document specifies the roles and responsibilities of the manager. Once the responsibilities of the manager identified

Social Psychological Theories of Aggression Essay Example for Free

Social Psychological Theories of Aggression Essay With increasing violence in the Big Brother House I have been asked to create a report that explains this violence occurring in the Big Brother House in terms of two or more social psychological theories.  In general the violence in the big brother house is escalating and theories need to be brought to the attention of the media bosses in order to explain this aggression. The violence does not need to be stopped as the house mates are not breaking any of the Big Brother rules behaving in this manner. Violence on this show can not be viewed as a negative aspect as it increases the number of viewers. However it does need to be explained logically. One explanation could be the Social Learning Theory.  In order for such learning to take place a person must observe persons behaviour and imitate this in the future. The concept of identification is also important as the individual is more likely to imitate some he/she identifies with, in this case it could be another house mate or perhaps previous contestants on the Big Brother show.  For this there are three stages  Ã‚  The Registration Stage, where the observer must pay attention to the model. The observers attention is influenced by characteristics of both the observer and the model. The Storage Stage is when the observer may code and organise the information in relation to any reinforces present, past experiences, expectation, relevance etc  Ã‚  And finally the Retrieval Stage is when the reinforcers determine whether the behaviour is imitated and the observers performance will be dependant on the persons ability to perform the act.  From this one idea would be that these contestants are just mimicking other house mates actions. This is one an idea but I believe it is that the new house mates are mimicking other years Big Brothers contestants. This is due to the fact that if you want to go onto Big brother you would like to become famous, and most of the time the most aggressive, avoidant, destructive contestants are the ones who get the most air time and incidentally are more widely known in society thereafter. There are many studies that support this view, of which one of the most astounding is that of Bandura et al 63 which was based on two groups of children where an experimental group observed an adult play aggressively with a 5 foot inflatable doll. The control condition observed an adult play properly in the room ignoring the doll completely. The findings from this study showed that the children from this experimental group showed significantly more verbal and physical acts of aggression than the control group, supporting evidence that they imitated the behaviour of the role model. On the other hand the children could have just copied the adults actions as it is a novel situation, or were unsure of how to play with the bobo doll and just followed the adults actions. Also with young children it would be hard to generalise the findings to adults, in particular our contestants. Not entirely supporting the views of learning, Banduras study shows learning still could be a contributing factor. This is because there are still many other ways of learning to be aggressive, for example learning from society, your family, and more often than not, the media. One attempt at showing how behaviours could be learnt from the media is from Manstead et al 95 in which he outlines these five variables;  1. If the observed behaviour is thought to be real it is more likely to be imitated. 2. If viewers identify with the aggressor then they are more likely to imitate.  3. If the aggressive behaviour is based on revenge it is more likely to be copied than aggressive behaviour based on achieving goals.  4. If the behaviour is seen to be just then it is more likely to be imitated.  5. Aggressive behaviour which is followed by punishment is less likely to be pursued.  With these five variables comes the proposition that acts of violence have to follow two other criteria to be considered as acts of violence;  1. People, human groups or living things (including animals with human characteristics) are physically harmed, restrained, barely escape death, injury, pain etc 2. Also that the harm is caused by or explained in terms of the behaviour of other people  So if the media is to blame why isnt all of society acting aggressive, and not just out housemates? The main answer is that most of the media (not including news bulletins which have around 1%) have between 37 and 80% non aggressive incidents within a typical programme, documentary or article.  This then means that the Big Brother contestants that are behaving aggressively see the same percentage of aggression within the media as the non-aggressive contestants. Which leads to the next question, why are they all not behaving quite similar? Well I believe there has to be an underlying factor that changes the level of aggression shown by different people, as we are all exposed to the same amount of violence in the media. I believe that comes in the form of relative deprivation. This proposes that the cause of a conflict is the unacceptable discrepancy between what people think they have a right to expect, and what people (given current social conditions) are actually able to obtain. In the case of the Big Brother aggression the relative deprivation theory offers an explanation which is based on the contrast between groups expected and actual access and prosperity to power. This is always seen in every Big Brother series as there are independent groups that form within the first week and then contrast on views with other groups of people within the Big Brother House. This is portrayed well over the television and the whole series and is sometimes used by the producers to increase conflict within the house which in turn then increases ratings. This is done by giving groups of people more access or the notion that they have more access to luxury goods for example alcohol, cigarettes, chocolate etc this then leads on to absolute deprivation (Gurr 70) where some groups of people are actually worse off than others within a proximity.

The Incredible Love Story of Pride and Prejudice Essay -- Pride Prejud

The Incredible Love Story of Pride and Prejudice      Ã‚  Ã‚   The novel of Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen, was a love story in which two complete opposite characters overcame their pride and prejudice and fell deeply in love. The story told how a bitter acquaintance could become a blooming love. Through lies, deceitful company, and separation the fondness of two characters prevailed, and confusing emotions arose. There were other relationships scattered throughout the story, but none were as grand as the mixing of oil and water. Some of these relationships bonded the two main characters together while others almost tore it apart.    Elizabeth Bennet was the second of five girls, the favorite of her father, and the least of her mother. The most sensible of her sisters, she was a keen-witted, outspoken, and intelligent girl.    "Lizzy is not a bit better than the others; and I am sure she is not half so handsome as Jane, nor half so good-humored as Lydia. But you are always giving her the preference." "They have none of them much to recommend them," replied he; "they are all silly and ignorant like other girls; but Lizzy has something more of quickness than her sisters. PP 6-7    She studied people's characters and behaviors, and she could almost always tell what someone's next step would be. She went on first reactions and was prejudice of anyone who she didn't like upon first meeting. Her mother was a beautiful woman who married Mr. Bennet; the most well to do man she could find. They had a marriage not entirely based on love, and that caused the two to grow somewhat distant. Mr. Bennet stayed quiet and levelheaded, but Mrs. Bennet became capricious and shrewish. For her, the onl... ... all odds to be together. Love prevailed through lies, deceit, and jealousy, and pride and prejudice was overcome. In the end, Darcy and Elizabeth showed how love could blossom from anything.    Works Cited and Consulted:    Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Airmont Books, 1992.    Brower, Reuben A. "Light and Bright and Sparkling: Irony and Fiction in Pride and Prejudice." Ed. Donald Gray. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1966. 374-388.    Moler, Kenneth. Pride and Prejudice: A Study in Artistic Economy. Boston, MA: Twayne Publishers, 1989.    Southam, B.C., (ed.), Jane Austen: The Critical Heritage. Landon, NY: Routledge & Kegan Paul - Barres & Nobel Inc., 1968.    Wright, Andrew H. "Feeling and Complexity in Pride and Prejudice." Ed. Donald Gray. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1966. 410-420.      

How to Maintain Biodiversity

There are several important ways in which humans can slow biodiversity loss, although there is no way to bring back the species that have already gone extinct. Protecting Areas Creating protected areas where human activity is limited is the best way to prevent deforestation and exploitation of organisms and the resources they need to survive. In order to truly make a difference, much planning needs to go into the creation of a protected area. It needs to consider all elements of the ecosystem it is trying to protect, so that it isn’t too small.It needs to include all resources that are utilized by its inhabitants; for example, leaving out a stream where half of the mammals go to drink would not make a protected area very effective. Preventing Species Introductions It is often much easier and less expensive to prevent a problem from developing in the first place than to try to fix it once it occurs. This is the case with invasive species, which can wreak havoc when introduced t o ecosystems that aren’t prepared to deal with them.Many governments prohibit bringing foreign plants and animals into their countries without authorization; some even go so far as to disinfect landing planes and the shoe-bottoms of people on them. Informing / Educating Education is a powerful tool, and the more people know about biodiversity loss, the more they will be prepared to help slow it. Spreading the word about detrimental human effects on plants and animals can encourage people to change their ways and effect changes to preserve biodiversity.Slowing Climate Change Climate change is the documented cause of several extinctions that we know about, and has likely caused hundreds of species to go extinct about which we may never know. Any efforts as individuals, organizations, or governments, to slow current human-caused global warming is a step towards slowing biodiversity loss. Promoting Sustainability Sustainable agriculture is much better for the environment than gra zing and cropping that rely on clearing swathes of forest or field.

THE PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT ANALYSIS - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 21 Words: 6249 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? We must understand who is manager before further our study into the aspects of management. Managers have long been responsible for planning, organizing, leading and controlling in such a way as to ensure that the organizations objectives are achieved efficiently. A major change is occurring in many organizations, however Management is increasingly becoming a responsibility of every individual in the organization, not just those who are formally designated as managers. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "THE PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT ANALYSIS" essay for you Create order In many organization, all members are managing themselves more than was generally in the past. They are performing some of the functions of management, such as planning, not simply the task assigned to them as part of the organizing process. 1.1.2 Who are managers? Manager can be defined as, A manager is an individual who is directly responsible for ensuring that tasks are performed by people or employees in an organisation. or A manager is a person tasked with overseeing one or more employees or departments to ensure these employees or departments carry out assigned duties as required Practically, managemer is divided into three levels, 1) Senior / Top managemer 2) Middle manager and 3) First level / Lower manager. Top managers, who are responsible for making ornagization decision and establishing the plan and goals that affect the entire organisations. These individuals typically have titles such as Executive Vice President, Vice President, President, Chief Operation Officer (COO) or Chief Executive Officer (CEO). Senior or Top manager commonly consists of a board of directors or shareholders who own the company and are responsible for making key decisions that affect the company. Middle managers include all levels of mana gement between the first level manager and top level of the organisation. These managers manage the work of first-line managers and may have titles such as regional managers, project leader, plant managers or division managers. First-line managers, the lowest level of management, manage the work of nonmanagerial employees who typically are involved with producing the organizations products or servicing the organizations customer. There are three key elements to get to know about the manager. The fuctions performed by managers in the management environment, roles and the skills. This three key elements will be discussed later. 1.1.3 What is management? Self check : In your opinion, what is the definition of management? Management can be defined as follows: Management is defined as the process of overseeing and coordinating resources efficiently and effectively in line with the goals of the organisation. The attainment of organizational goals in an effective and efficient manner through planning, organizing, leading and controlling organizational resources In the simplest of terms, management is all about getting things done. However, it is the way and the process of how one achieves ones target or goals and it is in this respect that management is considered an art and a science as well. Peter Drucker (1993) defined management as Supplying knowledge to find out how existing knowledge can best be applied to produce results is, in effect, what we mean by management. But knowledge is now also being applied systematically and purposefully to determine what new knowledge is needed, whether it is feasible, and what has to be done to make knowledge effective. It is being applied, in other words, to systematic innovation. (Drucker, 1993) From all the above definitions, it is clear that management is a creative as well as a systematic flow of knowledge that can be applied to produce results by using human as well as other resources in an effective way. Management has not been limited to managing human resource; management today has been segregated into various branches like financial management, strategic management, operations management, time management, crisis management, marketing management etc. Each of these is a separate branch that is being handled by managers who specialize in these fields. Today the importance of management from an organizations point of view has increased multifold. It is only through effective management that companies are developing and executing their businesss policies and strategies to maximize their profits and provide with the best of products and services. Management today combines creative, business, organizational, analyt ical and other skills to produce effective goal-oriented results! Some of the key functions in management includes learning to delegate, planning and organizing, communicating clearly, controlling situations, motivating employees, adapting to change, constantly innovating and thinking of new ideas, building a good team and delivering results which are not just figure -bound but results that also focus on overall growth and development. Management focuses on the entire organization from both a short and a long-term perspective. Management is the managerial process of forming a strategic vision, setting objectives, crafting a strategy and then implementing and executing the strategy. Management goes beyond the organizations internal operations to include the industry and the general environment. The key emphasis is on issues related to environmental scanning and industry analysis, appraisal of current and future competitors, assessment of core competencies, strategic control and the effective allocation of organizational resources. Nevertheless, based on definition number 2, effectiveness is the attainment of goals that enables the realisation of the objectives of an organisation or, briefly, as doing the right thing whereas efficiency is performing a job using minimum effort, cost and wastage or simply put as doing things right. The end result of an efficient and effective management is the success of an organisation. A person can be described as efficient but not effective or effective but not efficient in managing a specific task. Both elements are not interdependent. Lets say a factory worker finds a shortcut to doing a task with lower cost but by doing so, he deviates from the ethical objectives of the organisation. For example, he disposes of production waste by dumping it into the river. But one of the organisations ethical objectives is to preserve local harmony. So, the factory worker, through his action, deviated from the objective although he was efficient. In short, he was efficient but not effective. In contrast, an employee is considered effective but not efficient if he uses an old method to resolve a management issue even if it could have been resolved efficiently without deviating from the objectives of the organisation. For example, in delivering information, the employee sends a letter via post instead of e-mail. Although it does not affect or clash with the organisations objectives, the employee has wasted a part of the resources allocated to him. Both efficiency and effectiveness cannot be excluded from the definition of management as these are essential elements in defining management. 1.1.4 What is organizations ? When two or more people get together and agree to coordinate their activities in order to achieve their common goals, an organization has been born. There is really no doubt about the present meaning of organization. Its purpose is to create an arrangement of positions and responsibilities through and by means of which an enterprise can carry out its work. An academic textbook definition of organization can be formulated as follows: a. the responsibilities by means of which the activities of the enterprise are dispersed among the (managerial, supervisory, and specialist) personnel employed in its service; and b. the formal interrelations established among the personnel by virtue of such responsibilities. It must be emphasized that an organization should not be seen as rigid as the term framework implies. In reality, almost all organization structures must be occasionally reviewed due to various changes in the external environment of the organization in question. Moreover, intern al changes also occur oftentimes due to the development of various informal relationships. However, in order to develop a so-called science of organizations a conceptual framework of theory and principle must first be developed. It is true to state that principles of management have existed for a long time. These principles were not recorded as scientific truths, but simply applied as practical means to accompany the process of modernization. As societies became more complex, an acceptable framework to encompass the unscientific principles of management was needed. Since the nineteenth century, many writers and researchers have contributed a great deal to existing principles and accepted practices. It is in the formulation of principles that the science of management can be developed. A management principle distils and organizes knowledge that has been built up through experience and analysis. It is highly unlikely that management will ever become an exact science with many la ws governing it because personal judgment will always be needed to supplement available knowledge. Unlike principles in the natural sciences, management principles are not fundamental truths, they are only conditional statements which largely depends on many other variables. However, it is still necessary to continue the process of understanding and applying accepted principles to improve the quality of day-to-day management practice. For this reason management will always be an art. 1.2 Who are managers and what they do? There are three key elements to get to know about the manager. Management Fuctions Management Roles Management Skills. 1.2.1 Management Functions Today in most management book, basic management functions The manager is involved in various basic activities. These activities are usually grouped in a concept categorised as management functions. These functions are illustrated as follows. Management functions Planning, Organising, Leading Controlling Referring to the table below, all four management functions elorated. Table 1.1: Management Functions Management Functions Descriptions Planning Defining objectives to be achieved for a given period and what needs to be done to achieve the objectives. All management levels in an organisation need to be involved in planning. Managers need to develop objectives in line with the overall strategies of the organisation. Organising Determining what tasks are to be done; who will implement and co-ordinate them; how the tasks are to be grouped; who reports to whom; and where decisions are to be made. The manager needs to logically and effectively organise the information, resources and workflow of the organisation so that he is able to react positively towards changes in the business environment. Leading This involves motivating subordinates; selecting the most effective communication channels; resolving conflicts; and directing as well as guiding the actions of others with the intention of achieving all objectives. The effective leader of today has to be visionary in foreseeing the future, sharing the vision and encouraging employees in realising the vision. Controlling The measuring of performance in all pre-determined objectives, determining reasons for deviation and taking appropriate actions, where necessary. Controlling is an important function in the management process as it provides ways to ensure that the organisation moves towards achieving its objectives. 1.2.2 MANAGEMENT ROLES Manager can identified by the role they play in the organisations. An expert in management, Prof Henry Mintzberg, did a research by observing what managers did during their work hours. His research conclude that managers not only have 4 elements as discussed in Management Functions, but they have to play another roles as detailed below (Lewis, P.S. et al; 2001). Role as a Figurehead A manager must carry out ceremonial duties. For example, the vice-chancellor of a university must be involved in the opening ceremony of programmes conducted at the university. The head of a department is responsible for entertaining his clients. Role as a Leader A manager indirectly functions as a leader. Each manager must function as a leader in motivating and encouraging his subordinates. The manager steers members of his unit to continuously work effectively to achieve the goals of the unit and organisation besides resolving problems and issues. Role as a Liaison Officer A manager conveys relevant information gathered to individuals outside his unit or to other relevant parties outside his organisation. The manager will allocate time for interacting with people outside his organisation. Thus, a manager acts as a channel for communications between his department and those within as well as those outside his organisation. For example, a human resource manager may liaise with the finance manager to check on funds allocated for the recruitment of new employees by the organisation before embarking on a recruitment drive. Role as a Spokesperson The manager of an organisation usually acts as its spokesperson. For example, a supervisor will usually ensure that the operations manager is furnished with the latest information on the running of his production plant. Similarly, the general manager of a factory will lobby local authorities for a new tender. Role as a Negotiator No organisation is without problems. A manager is compelled to find a solution for each of its problems regardless of complexities. The manager needs to spend a lot of time in discussions as he plays the role of a negotiator. For example, a manager will negotiate with the trade union chief to reach an amicable agreement on salaries. Role as an Initiator Two management experts, Sumantra Ghoshal and Christopher Bartlett (Dessler, G; 2001), highlighted the additional role of a manager as an initiator of corporate actions and transformations. Moreover, an excellent manager is one who cultivates three processes that steer his employees towards achieving initiatives for change. These processes are as follows: Entrepreneurship Process The manager will try to improve his units performance and when he gets a good idea, he will launch a programme to realise the idea. Researches carried out in Japan, the United States and Europe showed that a successful manager is one who focuses a lot of time and effort on steering his employees towards thinking like an entrepreneur. To meet this objective, the manager needs to empower, support and provide incentives for employees to attain self-direction. Capability Development Process In a technology-centred world, conglomerates need to fully utilise their advantage as a large establishment not only in matters of economies of scale but also in the aspects of widening and deepening the knowledge and abilities of its employees. A manager who succeeds will focus on creating a conducive environment that encourages employees to shoulder additional responsibilities. He will also focus on preparing the necessary training and guidance to build their self-confidence. The successful manager will allow employees room for making mistakes without the fear of being penalised while undergoing training and encourage them to learn from their mistakes. Reformation Process A successful manager will identify situations that might pose challenges to the strategies of the organisation and assumptions made. In other words, the manager is capable of cultivating a querying disposition such as why something is done in a certain way and whether there are alternative ways of doing it. 1.2.3 MANAGEMENT SKILLS SELF-CHECK 1.2 When an organisation shortlists employees for the position of a manager, it will usually select individuals with technical, interpersonal and conceptual skills. Therefore, the third approach to understanding the tasks of managers is to analyse the skills required to carry out the tasks. Figure 1.2 shows three types of essential skills required at each level of management. The arrow pointing upwards shows the type of skills that are needed by top-level management. The arrow pointing downwards shows the type of skills that are needed by lower-level management or line managers. Figure 1.2: Skills required of a manager (a) Conceptual Skills Conceptual skills refer to the ability to view the organisation as a whole, and the impact the different sections have on the organisation, as a whole and on each other. It also involves observing how an organisation adapts to or is affected by external environmental factors such as society, economic pressure, customers and competition. An efficient manager should be able to identify, understand and solve the various problems and critical perspectives. The need for conceptual skills becomes increasingly crucial when a manager climbs higher in the management hierarchy. (b) Interpersonal Skills Interpersonal skill is the ability to work well with other people. Managers with good interpersonal skills work more effectively in a group, encouraging other employees to input their ideas and comments as well as being receptive to the needs and views of others. The manager will also, indirectly, become a good listener and speaker. Interpersonal skills are crucial, regardless of the level of management. However, a low-level manager will be more occupied in solving technical problems while a manager at the middle and higher levels will be mainly occupied with dealing directly with others. (c) Technical Skills Technical skills are the ability to apply procedures, techniques and specialised knowledge required in a ce rtain task. For a shoe factory supervisor, the technical skills required will include the steps involved in shoe manufacturing from the beginning until the final product is ready. A housing developers technical skills will include ways to complete the development of a housing estate. Technical skills are crucial for low-level managers as they supervise employees in manufacturing or service sectors. The manager needs to have technical knowledge and the skills to train new employees and assist employees in solving problems. Skills and technical knowledge are required to solve operational problems that cannot be handled by employees. Nevertheless, the higher the position of a manager in a hierarchy, the fewer the technical skills required. SELF-CHECK 1.3 Self check Based on what you have learned, identify the differences between the three levels and tabulate your answers. Exercise Explain each of the management functions that you have learned about. 1.3 HISTORY OF MANAGEMENT Scientific Management Theory (1890-1940) At the turn of the century, the most notable organizations were large and industrialized. Often they included ongoing, routine tasks that manufactured a variety of products. The United States highly prized scientific and technical matters, including careful measurement and specification of activities and results. Management tended to be the same. Frederick Taylor developed the :scientific management theory which espoused this careful specification and measurement of all organizational tasks. Tasks were standardized as much as possible. Workers were rewarded and punished. This approach appeared to work well for organizations with assembly lines and other mechanistic, routinized activities. Bureaucratic Management Theory (1930-1950) Max Weber embellished the scientific management theory with his bureaucratic theory. Weber focused on dividing organizations into hierarchies, establishing strong lines of authority and control. He suggested organizations develop comprehensive and detailed standard operating procedures for all routinized tasks. Human Relations Movement (1930-today) Eventually, unions and government regulations reacted to the rather dehumanizing effects of these theories. More attention was given to individuals and their unique capabilities in the organization. A major belief included that the organization would prosper if its workers prospered as well. Human Resource departments were added to organizations. The behavioral sciences played a strong role in helping to understand the needs of workers and how the needs of the organization and its workers could be better aligned. Various new theories were spawned, many based on the behavioral sciences (some had name like theory X, Y and Z). General Administrative Theories Administrative theory, Classical administrative theory An early form of organization theory, pioneered mainly by Henri Fayol (1841-1925), which was concerned principally with achieving the most rational organization for co-ordinating the various tasks specified within a complex division of labour (see his Administration industrielle et gà ©nà ©rale, 1916) . The translation of this book into English as General and Industrial Management (1949) implies that Fayol was concerned mainly with business management, although he himself makes it clear that his ideas about management were intended to apply to all formal organizations, including political and religious undertakings. Expressing the French administration as management has also led to the alternative designation of this approach as the classical school of scientific management. More recent exponents include Lyndall Urwick and Peter F. Drucker. Fayol, who is acknowledged to be the earliest advocate of a theoretical analysis of managerial activities, identified the key functions of management as being those of forecasting and planning. The most rational and efficient organizations were, in his view, those which implemented a plan that facilitated unity, continuity, flexibility, precision, command and control. Universal princip les of administration were then distilled from these objectives. These include the key elements of the scalar chain (authority and responsibility flowing in an unbroken line from the chief executive to the shop floor); unity of command (each person has only one supervisor with whom he or she communicates); a pyramid of prescribed control (first-line supervisors have a limited number of functions and subordinates, with second-line supervisors controlling a prescribed number of first-line supervisors, and so on up to the chief executive); unity of direction (people engaged in similar activities must pursue a common objective in line with the overall plan); specialization of tasks (allowing individuals to build up a specific expertise and so be more productive); and, finally, subordination of individual interests to the general interest of the organization. This list is not exhaustive, but illustrates the key proposition of administrative theory, which is that a functionally specific a nd hierarchical structure offers the most efficient means of securing organizational objectives (see M. B. Brodie , Fayol on Administration, 1967) . Classical administrative theory, like its near-contemporary the scientific management approach, rests on the premisses that organizations are unproblematically rational and (effectively) closed systems. In other words, organizations are assumed to have unambiguous and unitary objectives, which the individuals within them pursue routinely, by obeying the rules and fulfilling their role expectations, according to the prescribed blueprint and structure. Moreover, in the attempt to maximize efficiency, it is only variables within that structure that need to be considered and manipulated. The interaction of the organization with its environment, together with the various factors which are external to the organization but nevertheless have consequences for its internal functioning, are systematically ignored. Clearly, both perspectives take a rather deterministic view of social action, since each assumes that individuals will maximize organizational efficiency, independently of their own welfare, and with no thought for the relationship between the collective goal and their own particular purposes. The Human Relations Movement in organizational analysis, an otherwise diverse group of writers and approaches, is united by its opposition to precisely this assumption. Despite such criticisms, the classical theory of administration has exerted considerable influence on the fields of business studies and public administration, and it still provides the basic concepts which many managers use in clarifying their objectives. Question why they need evolution in the first place? What change the theory, From the start of the 19th century until the 20th century, managers and scholars formed a theoretical framework to explain what they believe to be good practices of management. Their efforts led to five different classes of perspectives on management classical, behavioural, quantitative, systems and contemporary. Each perspective is based on different assumptions toward s the objectives of the organisation and human behaviour. Figure 1.3 will help you to understand the chronological sequence of the perspectives. Figure 1.3: Evolution of management theory You might be wondering why it is important and necessary to study the historical development or the evolution of management thought. Studying history enables us to learn from mistakes made in the past so as to avoid making them in the future. History also enables us to study past successes that can be emulated accordingly in the future. Most importantly, we must understand the reasons behind such occurrences in order to improve in the future. 1.4.1 Classical Perspective This perspective existed in the 19th century and early 20th century. It focused on the rational and scientific approaches to the study of management and on finding ways to mould an organisation to become more efficient. There are three sub-classes in this perspective, the scientific management, bureaucracy management and administrative management. (a) Scientific Management This approach existed at a time when productivity was deemed critical by businessmen. Businesses were growing rapidly but businessmen were facing a critical shortage of workers. Hence, management was continuously finding ways to improve the performance of its employees. The focus on improving employees efficiency is known as the scientific management approach. A number of researchers contributed towards the findings of scientific management, among them Frederick Winslow Taylor, Frank and Lilian Gilbreth and Henry Gantt. Frederick Taylor (1856-1915), a mechanical engineer, was of the opinion that problems arose mainly due to bad management practices and, to a lesser degree, problems with employees. He stressed that management itself needed to transform and that the transformation method could only be established through scientific research. He suggested that decisions based on rules of thumb be substituted with established procedures, after analysing each situation. Taylors theory, which stated that the productivity of the labour force could be improved through scientifically-based management practices, earned him the title Father of Scientific Management. To improve the work performance of employees, Taylor conducted a research entitled Time and Motions Study. From the research findings, Taylor identified five principles of management that could boost production efficiency. The five principles were: (i) Using the scientific approach to determine best practices and not relying on rules of thumb; (ii) Selecting suitable employees to perform a particular task. Suitability cov ers mental and physical aspects; (iii) Training and developing an employee so that he is able to perform a given task according to established procedures; (iv) Giving monetary incentives to ensure that employees perform a task accordingly; and (v) Reassigning all responsibilities pertaining to planning and organising to the manager. Taylor was not alone in this research. Henry Gantt (1861-1919), a friend of Taylor, focused on the control system in the scheduling of production. The Gantt Chart is still used today in planning the schedule of a project and has also been adapted in computerised-scheduling applications. The husband and wife team of Frank (1868-1924) and Lillian Gilbreth (1878-1972), also strived to further expand the scientific management approach. Lillian was a pioneer in the field of industrial psychology and contributed greatly to human resource management. She believed that if scientific management was widely utilised, the abilities of each employee wo uld grow considerably. (b) Bureaucratic Management Bureaucratic management is an approach to management that is based on guidelines, hierarchy, clear division of labour as well as rules and procedures. Max Weber (1864-1920), a German social theorist, introduced many bureaucratic concepts. Among the components of bureaucracy are: (i) Authority and clearly defined responsibilities; (ii) Positions in an organisation that are structured according to hierarchy; (iii) Promotions based on qualifications; (iv) Records of all administrative actions and decisions to ensure continuity of organisational rules; (v) Separation of ownership and management; and (vi) Guidelines implemented to all employees without bias. The bureaucratic approach strives to increase efficiency and ensure continuity of overall operations of the organisation. This approach differs from scientific management, which only focuses on the employee as an individual. Nevertheless, this principle, us ed to improve efficiency, also may cause inefficiency. Rigid guidelines create red tape and slow down the decision-making process, resulting in the inability to change swiftly to adapt to the needs of the environment and, at times, create conflicts in performing a task professionally. (c) Administrative Management The administrative management principle focuses on the organisation as a whole. Among the contributors to this approach are Henri Fayol, Mary Parker Follett and Chester I. Barnard. Henri Fayol (1841-1925), a Frenchman, is considered the pioneer of administrative theory as he introduced the organisational principles and administrative functions. His most relevant contribution was presenting the definition and roles of an administrator. Fayol defined administration and management as planning, organising, directing, coordinating and controlling. He identified 14 principles of management: Division of labour: This is a concept on specialisation of work, based on the assumptions that: No one can do all the work; Each job requires different skills; and Repetition of work will increase efficiency. Authority: The right to give directions and power to be complied with. Here, authority at the office has to be differentiated from personal authority. Discipline: Based on respect and conformity. Unity of command: An employee should receive instructions from one superior only. Unity of direction: One superior and one direction for a particular activity with the same objective. Subordination of individual interests to the general interests: Personal interest should not exceed or precede over common interest. Remuneration: Salary payment based on various factors. Centralisation: The centralisation of work depends on the situation and formal communications channel. Scalar chain: This is about the line of authority and its formal communication channel. Order: Resources are allocated in the right place at the right time . Equity: Formed out of justice and virtue. Stability of tenure: This is a necessity in good human resource planning. Initiative: This is the hope that employees will work diligently and sincerely. (xiv) Esprit de corps: A term, borrowed from the French language, that means loyalty and devotion in uniting the members of a group. It emphasises on harmony and unity in an organisation. Mary Parker Follet (1868-1933) was trained in the field of philosophy and political science. Her approach focused on the involvement of employees and sharing of information among managers. She stressed the importance of common goals among subordinates to reduce personal conflicts. Follets ideas were contrary to the ideas in scientific management but conformed with modern management. Her approach focused on the individual and not engineering techniques. Follet stressed on issues relevant to the 1990s such as mankind, ethics, authority and leadership to inspire employees to excel in their jo bs. Her main concepts included delegation of authority, leading employees and not commanding them as well as allowing employees to act according to situations. Chester I. Barnard (1886-1961) introduced the informal organisation concept. An informal organisation exists in a formal organisation. He believed that organisations were not mere machineries and that informal relations could be a powerful tool and an asset to an organisation if properly managed. He also introduced the Acceptance Theory of Authority which stated that employees have options in complying with the directives of the management. Managers should treat their employees well as the acceptance of authority by employees is critical in ensuring the success of an organisation. Overall, the classic perspective towards management is very important and has given organisations a basic skill to increase productivity and garner effective support from employees. 1.4.2 Human Perspective Mary Parker Follet and Chester Barnard were the main founders of the human approach in management which emphasises the importance of understanding human behaviour, employees needs, the attitude of employees in a working environment besides social interaction and group processes. The categories of the human approach are the movement of human relations, the human resource view and the approach to behavioural science. Human Relations Movement This approach is based on the premise that effective control comes from individual employees rather than strict control by authorities. This approach originated from research that was conducted at the Western Electric Companys Hawthorne Works in Chicago between the years 1927 and 1932. The research was overseen by Elton Mayo and Fritz Roethlisberger, two psychologists from Harvard University. The research originally intended to study the relationship between physical conditions and production. Light irradiation temperature and other factors related to the working environment were selected as physical conditions. The original conclusion obtained by the researchers contradicted the results they anticipated. Three series of experiments were conducted and the results of all the experiments contradicted what was expected. The first experiment had conducted the experiment of lighting radiation as a physical situation. It assumed that levels of brightness would facilitate higher output for the employees. From this, it was found that when the lighting radiation is brightened or dimmed, the production output will continue to increase. This meant that there were other factors that may have caused the increase in productivity. It was the same for the second and third experiments where other physical situations were chosen; the results could not clearly explain the causes for increase in production. In conclusion, the Hawthorne research shows that the productivity of employees increases because they had received special treatment from management. The human relationship was connected to the increase in output. Group pressure will also affect a persons behaviour. Group quality is very effective in determining the output of an employee and monetary compensation is less effective if compared to group quality, sentiments and guarantee. As an overall conclusion, the Hawthorne research started a new era the awareness that humans are complex and an influential input to det ermining the performance of an organisation. Human Resource Approach The human resource approach stresses that employees productivity will increase when the employees satisfaction of basic requirements are met. This movement is likened to a dairy farm where satisfied cows will produce more milk. From the management point of view, the pattern of satisfied employees will increase their work performance. This approach combines the work structure with the motivation theories. Among the main motivators of this approach are Abraham Maslow and Douglas McGregor. (please refer to Topic 7 on motivation) Social Science Approach The social science approach developed the theories of human behaviour based on the scientific and learning methods. It is derived from the fields of sociology, psychology, anthropology, economic and other disciplines to understand the behaviour of employees and interactions in an organisation. This approach can be seen in most companies. The economic and sociology sector has significantly influenced how managers probe further into an organisations strategy and structure. Psychology has influenced the management approach through motivation, communication, leadership and personnel management. 1.4.3 Quantitative Management Approach This approach began in the era of World War Two, where quantitative techniques were used in the war in the handling of ships and bombs by the British army. The three main concepts of this approach are the management of science, management of operations and management of information systems. (a) Management of Science This approach was put forward to resolve the problems that arose due to World War Two. A group of mathematicians, physicists and scientists had been formed to resolve military issues. As these were recurring issues that involved the transfer of equipment and humans quickly and efficiently. Later, these techniques were applied by large-scale firms. (b) Management of Operations This approach refers to the management sectors that focus on the production of physical products or services. The members of operations management use quantitative techniques to resolve manufacturing issues. Among the methods usually use are forecasting, inventory modelling, linear and non-linear programming, and theories of rotation, scheduling, simulation and break-even analysis. (c) Management of Information Systems This approach is a new sub-sector in the quantitative management approach. Systems were designed to provide relevant information to managers at the appropriate time and cost. With the creation of high-speed digital computers, it opened up potential for management to utilise this as a tool. These computer systems compile information to assist in managements decision making. 1.4.4 Contemporary Approach Management is naturally complex and dynamic. The elements of each approach that has been discussed is still being used till now. The humanity approach is the most evident approach, yet lately, there have been some changes to this approach. The two main theories under this perspective are the systems and contingency theories. (a) Systems Theory A system comprises of closely related sections that function in general to achieve the same objective. A system functions to transform input found from the external environment to output. The five components of a system are: Input equipment, people, finance or information source that are used to produce products or services. Transformation process the use of production technology to transform input to output. Output comprises of products and services of an organisation. Feedback decisions that will influence the selection of input used in the next process cycle. Environment includes social, political and economic influences. Ideas of systems that influence the mind sets of management comprise of: Open system a system that interacts with the external environment to survive. Closed system a system that does not interact with the external environment to survive will face failures. Entropy the tendency for a system to become obsolete. Synergy individuals, groups and organisations that can achieve more if they cooperate compared to working alone. Sub-system sections of a system that are interdependent. (b) Contingency Approach The classical management approach is perceived as a universal observation. The management concept is perceived as universal when the management practice is the same in all situations. In business studies, an alternative observation arose. A person learns management by experiencing the problems of case studies. The Contingency perspective combines the universal and case observations. SUMMARY Management is an art to direct other people in performing work by emphasising the aspects of effectiveness and efficiency in its implementation. Effectiveness is achieving the objectives that enable the realisation of the organisations objective or doing the job the right way. Efficiency is implementing the work by using minimum ability, cost and wastage or doing things right. In brief, managers are known for their management functions that are implemented. The functions can be divided into planning, organising, leading and controlling. The manager plays several roles in an organisation. The roles include figure-head, leader, liaison officer, spokesperson, negotiator, ideas initiator, developing capability and motivator for transformation. Management skills are crucial to ensure the success of a manager. It consists of conceptual, interpersonal and technical skills. The types of managers can be divided into three main sections: top management, middle management and lower/line management. The evolution of management expanded in tandem with the beginning of human civilisation in Egypt, China and Babylon. The methods of management at that time were quite different from today. Modern management significantly expanded with the emergence of the Industrial Revolution in Europe. Generally, there are two well-known systems in discussions pertaining to trend or management of mind sets, which are the rational system and the social system. Amongst the renown figures of the rational system are Henri Fayol, Max Weber and Frederick Taylor, whereas in the social system are Elton Mayo, William Ouchi and Henry Mintzberg. KEY TERMS Concept skills Controlling Effectiveness Efficiency Interpersonal skills Leading Organising Planning Scientific management Technical skills Theory X Theory Y