Italian Capitalization Rules

In Italian, an initial capital letter (maiuscolo) is required in two instances: At the beginning of a phrase or immediately after a period, question mark, or exclamation markWith proper nouns Other than these cases, the use of uppercase letters in Italian depends on factors such as stylistic choices or publishing tradition. There is also the maiuscola reverenziale (reverential capital), which is still used frequently with pronouns and possessive adjectives that refer to Dio (God), people or things considered sacred, or people of high regard (pregare Dio e avere fiducia in Lui; mi rivolgo alla Sua attenzione, signor Presidente). In general, though, in contemporary usage, there is a tendency to avoid capitalization that is considered unnecessary. Capitalization at the Beginning of a Phrase To illustrate the occurrences where capital letters are used at the beginning of a phrase here are some examples: Titles in various genres: not just text, but also chapter headings, articles, and other subdivisionsThe start of any text or paragraphAfter a periodAfter a question mark or exclamation mark, but an initial lowercase may be permitted if there are strong logic and continuity of thoughtAt the beginning of a direct speech If a sentence begins with an ellipsis (...), then usually the examples described above begin with lowercase, except when the first word is a proper name. Those instances still require the use of the uppercase. Similarly (but more in terms of a typography choice) is the case in which a capital letter is used at the beginning of each verse in poetry, a device that is sometimes used even when verse is not written on a new line (for reasons of space), instead of using a slash (/), which is generally preferable to avoid ambiguity. Capitalizing Proper Nouns In general, capitalize the first letter of proper names (whether real or fictitious), and any terms that take their place (sobriquets, aliases, nicknames): Person (common names and surnames), animals, godsNames of entities, places, or geographical areas (natural or urban), astronomical entities (as well as astrological)Names of streets and urban subdivisions, buildings and other architectural structuresNames of groups, organizations, movements, and institutional and geopolitical entitiesTitles of artistic works, trade names, products, services, companies, eventsNames of religious or secular holidays There are also cases in which the initial letter is capitalized even with common nouns, for reasons ranging from the need to distinguish them from common concepts, personification, and antonomasia, to showing respect. Examples include: The names of historical eras and events and even of geological periods, centuries and decades; the latter can be written in lower case, but it is preferred to use uppercase if the intent is to call out the historical period.The names of a populace; usually it is customary to capitalize the historical peoples of the past (i Romani), and use lowercase for present-day people (gli italiani). Somewhat more ambiguous, however, is the use of capital letters in Italian compound nouns or in those nouns consisting of a sequence of words; there are a couple of hard-and-fast guidelines, though, that can be recommended: Initial capital letters are required with the sequence common name surname (Carlo Rossi) or more than one common name (Gian Carlo Rossi)Proper names used within nominative sequences such as: Camillo Benso conte di Cavour, Leonardo da Vinci The prepositional particles (particelle preposizionali), di, de, or d are not capitalized when used with the names of historical figures, when surnames didnt exist, to introduce patronyms (de Medici) or toponyms (Francesco da Assisi, Tommaso dAquino); they are capitalized, though, when they form an integral part of contemporary surnames (De Nicola, DAnnunzio, Di Pietro). Capitalization finds its most widespread in the names of institutions, associations, political parties and the like.  The reason for this profusion of capital letters is usually a sign of respect (Chiesa Cattolica), or the tendency to maintain the use of uppercase letters in an abbreviation or acronym (CSM Consiglio Superiore della Magistratura). However, the initial capital can also be limited to just the first word, which is the only obligatory one: the Chiesa cattolica, Consiglio superiore della magistratura.

Producing Sustainable Competitive Advantage Through the...

|Producing sustainable competitive advantage through the | |effective management of people | | | | | Impressive remarks The author points out thirteen practices for managing people in order to achieve a competitive advantage. I am impressed by the way the author points out the importance of the workforce and how it is managed. The importance: As other sources of competitive success have become less important, what remains as a crucial, differentiating factor is the organization, its employees, and how they work. The author quotes Southwest Airlines as an example, which achieved competitive†¦show more content†¦He also points out which practice is most critical does depend on the company’s particular technology and market strategy. He even points out although these practices may be an important basis of success, and one that is even increasing in importance, it is clearly not the only basis of success. I do agree with his caution that implementation issues loom large, regardless of how sensible the practices may be. HRM Practices The following policies and practices emerge from extensive reading of both the popular and academic literature, talking to numerous people in firms in a variety of industries, and the application of some simple common sense. Here is the order in which I would rate them in terms of their importance from my own view: 1. Selectivity in Recruiting a. In my opinion this is the most important factor. You need the right people to do the right things. In order to form an organizational culture you need equally minded people from top to bottom. Here my main concern is about the attitude and frequency of the people. As long as it is in line from top to bottom, these people can lead to a great success of the organization and they would be able to fill in any missing pieces if needed. 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Critical perspective in management control - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Critical perspective in management control. Answer: The lectures of week 5 focused on competency skills of organizational control measures. The lectures of this week identifies the ways of appropriate performance criteria through which organizational control measures can be undertaken so that the performance can be measured and improved in a better way. From the review of the lectures ways of appropriate performance criteria can be identified. It helps in taking effective control measures. On the application of Completing value framework it can be said that the current activity belongs to the third quadrant which is of Rational goal models. Organizational control is the method through which activities are controlled. It is very mu h important that in an organization certain targets and benchmarks are set Chua, Lowe Puxty, 2015). This bench marks are set for achieving the organizational goals and objectives. It is also important to measure the performance that is done by comparison of actual performance and expected performance. The deviations help the management to take the corrective actions so that the expected performance can be achieved. As a manager, it is very important to measure and control the performances then only improvement can be made. The competency skills control helps in achieving the organizational goals and targets. If one does not know where the shortcomings are then improvement is not possible (Goetsch Davis, 2014). When managers compare the performances the deviations helps them in identification of the errors in the performance. This particular competency provides scope for improvement in the performance for increasing efficiency. References Chua, W. F., Lowe, T., Puxty, T. (Eds.). (2015).Critical perspectives in management control. Springer. Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014).Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson.

The Pathogenesis, Etiology, and Clinical Manifestation of Cushings Syndrome Essay Example

The Pathogenesis, Etiology, and Clinical Manifestation of Cushings Syndrome Paper Cushings syndrome is a hormonal disorder caused by prolonged exposure of the bodys tissues to high levels of cortisol. It is also called hypercortisolism. Cushings syndrome is relatively rare, commonly affecting adults aged 20 to 50. About 10 of every million people are affected every year. Cortisol is a hormone that helps regulate blood pressure and maintains the proper functioning of the cardiovascular system. It is secreted by the adrenal glands (located above the two kidneys), under the control of the pituitary gland and hypothalamus. Cortisol controls the tendency of the immune system to cause inflammations, particularly in joints, and also has a role in maintaining normal blood sugar levels, and regulates the utilization of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats by body tissues. Cortisol also plays a very significant role in allaying stress. Increased levels of cortisol are normally found in persons whose bodies are constantly subjected to stress, such as athletes and women in last months of pregnancy. People suffering from alcoholism, depression, malnutrition, and panic disorders also have elevated cortisol levels. Cushings syndrome can be caused by overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal glands, although this form of the syndrome is quite rare. This can be caused by a tumor of the pituitary gland that releases increased amounts of the hormone adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) into the blood. This causes the adrenal glands to produce excess cortisol. Over 80% of persons with this form of the syndrome, known as Cushings disease, are women. The production of excess cortisol by the adrenal glands can also be caused by tumors on the adrenal glands themselves, which may be benign or cancerous. We will write a custom essay sample on The Pathogenesis, Etiology, and Clinical Manifestation of Cushings Syndrome specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Pathogenesis, Etiology, and Clinical Manifestation of Cushings Syndrome specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Pathogenesis, Etiology, and Clinical Manifestation of Cushings Syndrome specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Most of these cases involve non-cancerous tumors of adrenal tissue, called adrenal adenomas, which release excess cortisol into the blood. Persons with this form of the syndrome have an average age of 40. Tumors on other parts of the body can also cause the adrenal glands to produce extra cortisol. This condition is known as ectopic ACTH syndrome. Half of all cases are caused by lung tumors. Men comprise 75% of persons with this form of the syndrome. More commonly, the cause of Cushings syndrome is the prolonged intake of synthetic cortisol (hydrocortisone), which is usually taken to treat inflammation and allergies. Comparison of old and recent photographs will often show a significant difference in the appearance of persons with Cushings syndrome, particularly on the face and neck. A person with Cushings syndrome usually will experience rapid weight gain and will exhibit the peculiar characteristics of a rounded face, and with fat concentrated on the trunk and the face, with limbs remaining thin. Children with Cushings syndrome will also exhibit slow growth. Also, atrophy of the skin occurs; the skin bruises easily, and healing is slow. Other symptoms are: chronic weakness, high blood pressure, excessive sweating, excessive hair growth on the face, stretch marks on abdomen, thighs, breasts, and arms, infertility, reduced libido, irregular (or stopped) menstruation in females, and erectile dysfunction in males. Psychological disorders usually also manifest, such as depression, irritability, and panic attacks. A person with Cushings syndrome can also develop resistance to insulin, leading to diabetes. Routine laboratory tests on on persons with Cushings syndrome commonly include high white blood cell counts and high blood sugar levels. If left untreated, Cushings syndrome will cause continued fatigue, weakness of the muscles, osteoporosis (weakened bones), slow skin healing, and increased susceptibility to infections such as pneumonia and tuberculosis. References Raff, H. , PhD Findling, J. W. , MD (2003). A Physiologic Approach to Diagnosis of the Cushing Syndrome. Annals of Internal Medicine. 138(12):980-989. Paul Margulies, M. D. Cushings Syndrome: The Facts You Need to Know. National Adrenal Diseases Foundation. Retrieved February 14, 2006, from http://www. medhelp. org/nadf/diseases/cushings. htm